# Terms and definitions

The following terms are relevant to this methodology and the relevant physical and economic sciences.&#x20;

**Agroforestry:** A land-use system that intentionally integrates trees with crops to enhance productivity, biodiversity, and ecosystem services.

**Biodiversity hotspots:** A biogeographic region characterized by exceptionally high levels of species richness and a significant degree of habitat loss. These areas are recognized for their extraordinary concentration of endemic species, meaning species that are found nowhere else in the world.

**Conservation:** Protection of intact ecological zones, as distinguished from **Restoration** below. There *is* a technical distinction between 'conservation' and ‘preservation’. “*Conservation seeks the proper use of nature, while preservation seeks protection of nature from use*"([Becker and Ghimire 2003](https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol8/iss1/art1/)). For simplicity and readability with a non-technical IP and LC audience, we have used the term conservation throughout&#x20;

**Date-time stamp:** Data that indicates a specific date and time when an event occurred or when a particular record was created or modified.

**Ecosystem connectivity:** Connectivity (i.e. ecological connectivity) is the unimpeded movement of species and the flow of natural processes that sustain life on Earth. It may thus also refer to continuous ecosystems often connected through ecological corridors. There are two types of connectivity: structural (in which the continuity between ecosystems is identified) and functional (in which the movement of species or processes is verified).&#x20;

**Ecosystem integrity:**  An ecosystem is generally understood to have integrity when its dominant ecological characteristics (e.g. elements of composition, structure, function, and ecological processes) occur within their natural ranges of variation, and extinction, and can withstand and recover from most perturbations. In the context of the IBU this term is more precisely defined as"*all ecological niches available to, and filled by, native species*".&#x20;

**Ecosystem services:** The benefits people derive from ecosystems.

**Ecosystem value:** The planet-wide value of an ecosystem in the context of global biodiversity loss. Often referred to as “significance” in other contexts.

**Geocode:** Latitude and longitude values that uniquely identify a particular point or area on a map in decimal degrees format.&#x20;

**Home range:** The specific geographic area or territory that an individual animal typically occupies and uses for its essential activities. It represents the spatial extent within which an individual carries out its daily life functions such as foraging, mating, seeking shelter, and defending resources.

**Indicator species:** In this methodology, this term is specifically defined as inclusive of the more precise academic terms for sentinel species (indicative of environmental disturbances or pollutants), umbrella species (representative of a larger ecosystem for conservation management), endangered, locally endangered, or threatened species (at risk of extinction in the near future), and rare species (not commonly found or with a limited population its natural habitat).&#x20;

**Intact ecosystem:** It refers to primary, undisturbed ecosystems with all healthy attributes in balance (composition, structure, and function) and where their natural ecological processes develop without interruption. These ecosystems have all the niches available to native species and are fully occupied accordingly. In some contexts the word "natural" has been substituted, such as "natural forests" in place of "primary forests" to acknowledge that ecosystems are alive and evolving.&#x20;

**“In situ” conservation:** The conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties.

**Monitoring period:** This is sometimes called crediting time and most projects will have a minimum monitoring timeframe of one years. Monitoring period should not be conflated with Unit time (one month) or the duration of an observation (60 days).&#x20;

**Net gains in biodiversity:** It corresponds to the difference in gains in biodiversity values from the baseline of the project compared to those obtained during the implementation of the conservation project.&#x20;

**Restoration:** the process of assisting the (partial) recovery of a degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystem toward its natural structure, function, and biodiversity. As measured by an increase in **Integrity** as defined above. Sometimes referred to as Uplift.&#x20;

**Risk of extinction:** The probability that a species will go extinct in a given period of time.

**Species:** Group of individuals or natural populations that are actually or potentially interbreeding, reproductively isolated from other similar groups by their physiological properties (reducing incompatibility between parents or sterility of hybrids, or both).

**Species richness:** The population of different species present in a particular area or ecosystem. It is a measure of biodiversity that quantifies the diversity of species within a given habitat or geographical region, but it does not speak to the abundance or distribution of the species.

**Species distribution:** The geographic area or range where a particular species is found and occurs naturally. It includes all the locations and habitats where individuals of a species are predicted to exist.&#x20;

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